Pathways in the association between sugar sweetened beverages and child asthma traits in the 2nd year of life: Findings from the BRISA cohort

Studies on the exposure of children to sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) at an early age may contribute to better understand the common causes and the temporal order of the relationships between obesity and asthma in early childhood. The objective of this study was to estimate the association between SSB and child asthma traits in the 2nd year of life, modeling direct and indirect pathways mediated by the highest BMI-z of the child and allergic inflammation. Data from the BRISA cohort, São Luís-MA, Brazil (n = 1140), were obtained from the baseline and from the follow-up performed at the 2nd year of life. The main explanatory variable was the calories from added sugars in SSBs as a percentage of the total daily energy intake. The outcome child asthma traits was a latent variable deduced from four indicators: medical diagnosis of asthma, wheezing, emergency visit due to intense wheezing, and medical diagnosis of rhinitis. A high percentage of daily calories from sugars added to SSBs was directly associated with higher values of child asthma traits (standardized coefficient (SC = 0.073; P = .030)). High levels of eosinophils were also directly associated with child asthma traits (SC = 0.118; P = .049). No mediation pathways were observed via greater BMI-z or eosinophil counts. Therefore, early exposure of children to SSB may contribute to increased risk of childhood asthma, preceding the link between sugar consumption and overweight/obesity, not yet evident in children in the first 2 years of life.     

Oral-lung microbiome interactions in lung diseases

The proximity and continuity of the oral cavity and the lower respiratory tract allows the oropharyngeal microbiome to be a major determinant of the lung microbiome. In addition, host-pathogen interactions related to the oropharyngeal microbiome or its metabolites could propagate systemic inflammation or modulate host defense mechanisms that could affect other organs, including the lung. There is increasing appreciation of the pathophysiologic significance of the lung microbiome, not only in the classical infection-related diseases, pneumonia, bronchiectasis, and cystic fibrosis, but also in chronic noninfectious lung diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and pulmonary fibrosis. In this review, we will explore the relationship of the oral microbiome with lung diseases, such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, and cystic fibrosis.     

Lung function and bronchial hyper-reactivity from 11 to 18 years in children with bronchiolitis in infancy

Background

Various trajectories for lung function and bronchial hyper-reactivity (BHR) from early childhood to adulthood are described, including puberty as a period with excessive lung growth. Bronchiolitis in infancy may be associated with increased risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, but the development of respiratory patterns during puberty is poorly characterized for these children. We aimed to study the development and trajectories of lung function and BHR from 11 to 18 years of age in children hospitalized for bronchiolitis in infancy.

Methods

Infants hospitalized for bronchiolitis at the University Hospitals in Stavanger and Bergen, Norway, during 1997-1998, and an age-matched control group, were included in a longitudinal follow-up study and examined at 11 and 18 years of age with spirometry and methacholine provocation test (MPT). The MPT data were managed as dose-response slope (DRS) in the statistical analyses. Changes in lung function and DRS from 11 to 18 years of age were analyzed by generalized estimating equations, including interaction terms.

Results

z-scores for forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV₁), FEV₁/FVC ratio, and DRS were not different from 11 to 18 years of age in both the post-bronchiolitis and the control group. The trajectories from 11 to 18 years did not differ between the two groups. BHR at age 11 was independently associated with asthma at age 18.

Conclusion

Children hospitalized for bronchiolitis had stable predicted lung function and BHR from 11 to 18 years of age. The lung function trajectories were not different from controls.

     

精细化护理对小儿哮喘急性发作期治疗的作用

目的了解精细化护理模式对小儿哮喘急性发作期雾化吸入治疗效果。方法将我院2017年2月-2018年8月的60例小儿哮喘急性发作期雾化吸入治疗患儿,随机分组,常规组给予传统护理,精细组开展精细化护理模式。比较两组满意度;小儿哮喘急性发作得到控制的时间、住院的平均时间;护理前后哮喘症状积分、生活质量积分;哮喘急性发作次数。结果精细组的满意度更高,P<0.05。精细组的满意度是100%,常规组的满意度是70%。护理前两组哮喘症状积分、生活质量积分接近,P>0.05;护理后精细组哮喘症状积分、生活质量积分优于常规组,P<0.05。精细组小儿哮喘急性发作得到控制的时间、住院的平均时间优于常规组,P<0.05,精细组小儿哮喘急性发作得到控制的时间、住院的平均时间是(1.21±0.21)d,(5.30±2.24)d。对照组小儿哮喘急性发作得到控制的时间、住院的平均时间是(2.27±0.51)d,(7.89±2.77)d。精细组哮喘急性发作次数更少,P<0.05。精细组哮喘急性发作次数(2.31±0.31)次。对照组哮喘急性发作次数(5.31±0.79)次。结论小儿哮喘急性发作期雾化吸入治疗患儿实施精细化护理模式效果确切。     

支气管哮喘急性发作期气道炎症表型与中医辨证分型的关系

支气管哮喘是由多种细胞和细胞组分参与的气道慢性炎症性疾病,其气道炎症反应的复杂性,给临床诊断和治疗带来了困难[1]。2009年全球哮喘防治倡议(GINA)第一次提出“表型”这一概念,并提出基于表型分类有助于哮喘治疗及判断预后[2]。中医药治疗哮喘有其独特优势,但辨证分型缺乏明确统一的客观化、量化指标。     

无创呼吸机辅助通气对重症哮喘患者的临床效果观察

目的:探讨无创呼吸机辅助通气对重症哮喘患者的临床疗效。方法:选择2018年1月~2019年5月本院收治的86例重症哮喘患者作为研究对象,根据随机数字表法将86例患者分为观察组(n=43例)和对照组(n=43例),对照组患者采用β2受体激动药、糖皮质激素、茶碱类药物、鼻导管吸氧、纠正水电解质及酸碱失衡等对症处理,观察组在对照组对照对症处理基础上加以无创呼吸机辅助通气治疗,对比分析两组患者的咳嗽、胸闷、喘息缓解时间,测定治疗前后两组患者的肺功能指标[第1秒用力呼气量(FEV1)、第1秒呼气容积与用力肺活量比值(FEV1/PVC)]变化情况,同时比较两组患者的治疗疗效。结果:观察组的咳嗽缓解时间、胸闷缓解时间、喘息缓解时间均明显短于对照组,P<0.05。治疗前,观察组及对照组的FEV1、FEV1/PVC比较,P>0.05。治疗后,观察组的FEV1、FEV1/PVC均明显高于对照组,P<0.05。观察组总有效率为90.70%(39/43),对照组总有效率为67.44%(29/43),两组比较,P<0.05。结论:在重症哮喘患者中应用无创呼吸机辅助通气治疗,可有效改善患者的临床症状及肺功能,并能有效提高药物治疗效果,具有重要的临床意义。